Nsungwi ndi udzu, chomera chachikulu koma chodzichepetsa cha zomera m'banja la udzu (Poaceae) chokhala ndi makhalidwe apadera: Chomera chilichonse cha mitundu ina chimakula kuyambira 70 cm mpaka mita imodzi (27.5 mainchesi ndi 39.3 mainchesi). . Chokhoza kutenga carbon dioxide yochulukirapo katatu kapena kanayi patsiku kuposa zomera zina, chimaphuka pafupifupi zaka 100 mpaka 150 zilizonse koma kenako chimafa, mizu yake si yozama kuposa 100 cm (39.3 mainchesi), ngakhale yayitali ikakula, tsinde lake limatha kufika mamita 25 (82.02 ft) m'zaka zitatu zokha, ndipo limatha kupereka mthunzi mpaka nthawi 60 kuposa malowo, koma osapitirira mamita atatu lalikulu. Manuel Trillo ndi Antonio Vega-Rioja, akatswiri awiri a zamoyo omwe adaphunzitsidwa ku University of Seville kum'mwera kwa Spain, apanga malo oyamba ovomerezeka a nsungwi osavulaza ku Europe. Labu yawo ndi labu ya zomera yofufuzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zabwino zonse zomwe chomera chimapereka, koma malingaliro a anthu okhudza ubwino uwu ndi ozama kwambiri kuposa mizu ya chomera.
Pali mahotela, nyumba, masukulu ndi milatho ya nsungwi. Udzu uwu, womwe umakula mofulumira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, umapereka chakudya, mpweya, ndi mthunzi, ndipo umatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa chilengedwe ndi madigiri Celsius 15 poyerekeza ndi malo owala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Komabe, uli ndi vuto lonyenga loti umaonedwa ngati mtundu wolowerera, ngakhale kuti pafupifupi mitundu 20 yokha mwa mitundu yoposa 1,500 yomwe yadziwika ndi yomwe imaonedwa kuti ndi yolowerera, ndipo m'madera ena okha.
"Tsankho limabwera chifukwa chosokoneza chiyambi ndi khalidwe. Mbatata, tomato ndi malalanje sizichokera ku Europe, koma sizimafalikira. Mosiyana ndi zitsamba, mizu ya nsungwi ili pakati. Imapanga tsinde limodzi lokha [nthambi kuchokera ku mwendo womwewo, maluwa kapena minga]," adatero Vega Rioja.
Bambo ake a Vega Rioja, katswiri wa zomangamanga, anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi mafakitale amenewa. Anapereka chilakolako chake kwa mwana wake wamwamuna monga katswiri wa zamoyo ndipo, pamodzi ndi mnzake Manuel Trillo, anakhazikitsa labotale ya zomera zachilengedwe kuti aphunzire ndikuwonetsa zomerazi ngati zinthu zokongoletsera, mafakitale komanso zachilengedwe. Apa ndi pomwe La Bambuseria idachokera, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku likulu la Andalusia, komanso malo oyamba osungira nsungwi ku Europe.
“Tinasonkhanitsa mbewu 10,000, 7,500 zomwe zinamera, ndipo tinasankha pafupifupi 400 chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo,” akutero Vega Rioja. Mu labotale yake ya zomera, yomwe ili ndi hekitala imodzi yokha (maekala 2.47) m'chigwa chachonde cha Mtsinje wa Guadalquivir, akuwonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yozolowera nyengo zosiyanasiyana: zina mwa izo zimatha kupirira kutentha mpaka madigiri -12 Celsius (madigiri Celsius 10.4). Fahrenheit ndi kupulumuka mphepo yamkuntho ya Philomena, pomwe zina zimamera m'zipululu. Malo obiriwira akuluakulu amasiyana ndi minda ya mpendadzuwa ndi mbatata yoyandikana nayo. Kutentha kwa msewu wa phula pakhomo kunali madigiri Celsius 40 (madigiri Fahrenheit 104). Kutentha m'munda wa nazale kunali madigiri Celsius 25.1 (madigiri Celsius 77.2).
Ngakhale kuti antchito pafupifupi 50 akukolola mbatata pa mtunda wosakwana mamita 50 kuchokera ku hoteloyi, kulira kwa mbalame kokha kumamveka mkati. Ubwino wa nsungwi ngati chinthu choyamwa mawu waphunziridwa mosamala ndipo kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ndi chinthu choyenera kuyamwa mawu.
Koma kuthekera kwa chimphona cha zomera ichi n’kwakukulu kwambiri. Nsungwi, yomwe ndi maziko a zakudya za chimphona chachikulu cha panda komanso mawonekedwe ake, yakhalapo m’miyoyo ya anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale, malinga ndi Scientific Reports.
Chifukwa cha kupirira kumeneku ndikuti kuwonjezera pa kukhala gwero la chakudya, kapangidwe kake kapadera, komwe kanawunikidwa mu kafukufuku wa National Science Review, sikunanyalanyazidwe ndi anthu. Chipangizochi chagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapangidwe osiyanasiyana kapena kusunga mphamvu mpaka 20% ponyamula katundu wolemera pogwiritsa ntchito zothandizira zosavuta. "Zida zodabwitsa koma zosavuta izi zitha kuchepetsa ntchito yamanja ya ogwiritsa ntchito," akufotokoza Ryan Schroeder wa ku University of Calgary mu Journal of Experimental Biology.
Nkhani ina yofalitsidwa mu GCB Bioenergy ikufotokoza momwe nsungwi ingakhalire gwero la chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. "Bioethanol ndi biochar ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zingapezeke," akufotokoza Zhiwei Liang wochokera ku Hungary University of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Chinsinsi cha kusinthasintha kwa nsungwi ndi kufalikira kwa ulusi mu silinda yake yopanda kanthu, yomwe yakonzedwa bwino kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ndi kupindika kwake. "Kutsanzira kupepuka ndi mphamvu ya nsungwi, njira yotchedwa biomimicry, kwakhala kopambana pothetsa mavuto ambiri pakupanga zinthu," anatero Motohiro Sato wa ku Hokkaido University, yemwenso ndi wolemba kafukufuku wa Plos One. Chifukwa cha izi, nembanemba ya nsungwi yokhala ndi madzi imapangitsa kuti ikhale chomera chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo izi zalimbikitsa gulu la ofufuza ku Queensland University of Technology kuti apange ma electrode a batri ogwira ntchito bwino kuti azitha kuyatsa mwachangu.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito ndi ntchito za nsungwi ndi yayikulu, kuyambira kupanga zida zophikira zowola mpaka kupanga njinga kapena mipando m'mbali zonse za zomangamanga. Akatswiri awiri a zamoyo aku Spain ayamba kale njira imeneyi. "Sitinasiye kufufuza," adatero Trillo, yemwe ayenera kuwonjezera chidziwitso chake cha zamoyo ndi chidziwitso cha ulimi. Ofufuzawo akuvomereza kuti sakanatha kuchita ntchitoyi popanda mphunzitsi wake, yemwe adalandira kuchokera kwa mnansi wake Emilio Jiménez ndi digiri ya masters.
Kudzipereka ku malo osungiramo zomera kwapangitsa Vega-Rioja kukhala woyamba kutumiza nsungwi ku Thailand. Iye ndi Trillo akupitilizabe kuyesa kuswana mbewu zosiyanasiyana kuti apange zomera zokhala ndi makhalidwe enaake kutengera momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kapena malo okulira, kapena kufunafuna mbewu zapadera padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zingawononge ndalama zokwana $10 pa imodzi kuti zipange mitundu yokwana 200 ya nazale.
Njira imodzi yomwe ingagwire ntchito mwachangu komanso mwachangu komanso zotsatira zake zazikulu kwakanthawi kochepa ndi kupanga malo obiriwira omwe ali ndi mthunzi wolimbana ndi tizilombo m'malo ena komwe njira zothetsera mavuto achilengedwe zitha kupezeka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka yambiri (nsungwi imatha kubzalidwa mu dziwe losambira) popanda kuwonongeka.
Amalankhula za madera omwe ali pafupi ndi misewu ikuluikulu, masukulu, malo opangira mafakitale, malo otseguka, mipanda yokhalamo, mabwalo amiyala, kapena madera opanda zomera. Amanena kuti nsungwi si njira ina yothetsera zomera zakomweko, koma ngati chida chopangira opaleshoni m'malo omwe amafunika kuphimba zomera mwachangu. Izi zimathandiza kutenga carbon dioxide yochuluka momwe zingathere, kupereka mpweya wochuluka ndi 35%, komanso kuchepetsa kutentha ndi madigiri Celsius 15 m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Mitengo imayambira pa €70 ($77) mpaka €500 ($550) pa mita imodzi ya nsungwi, kutengera mtengo wopangira zomera ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mtundu womwe mukufuna. Udzu ukhoza kupereka kapangidwe kamene kadzakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndi mtengo wotsika pa mita imodzi imodzi yomangira, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri m'zaka zitatu zoyambirira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa kwambiri pambuyo pokhwima ndi kugona.
Angathe kutsimikizira izi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zasayansi. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa mizinda 293 yaku Europe yomwe inafalitsidwa mu magazini ya Nature adapeza kuti malo okhala m'mizinda, ngakhale atakhala obiriwira, amasunga kutentha kowirikiza kawiri kapena kanayi kuposa malo okhala ndi mitengo kapena zomera zazitali. Nkhalango za nsungwi zimasunga mpweya woipa kuposa mitundu ina ya nkhalango.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-14-2023
